Treaty of Constantinople (1897)

The Treaty of Constantinople was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Greece signed on 4 December 1897 following the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.

Background

The island of Crete was a part of the Ottoman Empire, but had a majority Christian population which had rebelled several times to achieve union with Greece. During another such revolt in 1897, on 2 February 1897 Greek troops landed in Crete to annex the island. This led to the outbreak of war, the so-called 30 Days War, between the Ottoman Empire and Greece. It was fought in Thessalia and Epirus. In Thessaly, the superior Ottoman army commanded by Edhem Pasha, defeated the Greeks and captured much territory. Greece sued for peace and the Great Powers intervened to force the Ottomans to return the lands occupied in the war.

The treaty

Peace talks began on 21 October and the treaty was signed on 4 December. The terms were:^[1]

1. Thessaly, which had been occupied by Ottoman forces, was to be returned to Greece with minor changes in the border line.
2. Greece agreed to pay heavy reparations.
3. The Ottomans wouldn't withdraw before the reparations were paid
4. The Ottomans agreed to promote the status of Crete as an autonomous state under Ottoman suzerainty.

Aftermath

Although the Ottoman army was victorious in the field, the Ottoman Empire didn't benefit from the victory. The suzerainty over Crete proved to be completely ineffective and Crete unilaterally declared union with Greece in 1908. This was formalized after the Balkan Wars, with the island joining Greece on 1 December 1913. In the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the Muslim population of the island was transferred to Turkey.

References